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Posté le 24/11/2017 à 07:35 - poster un commentaire

The bill [PDF] would reform the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) to make sure it did not fall so heavily on minor abuses of terms and conditions.Its namesake, Aaron Swartz faced up to 35 years in jail, and a $1m fine, for downloading five million articles from the academic journal repository JSTOR from the MIT campus – which has a site-wide license to the material. It was alleged he broke into a closet of campus network equipment, and slipped in a laptop that fetched articles from JSTOR.As a result of his actions, Swartz was arrested under breaking-and-entering charges under state law, and then prosecuted under federal law for 11 violations of the CFAA – actions that many felt were wholly out of proportion to what he actually did.Swartz turned down a plea bargain that would have seen him sentenced to six months in jail; the day after his counteroffer was rejected, he was found dead in his New York apartment having hanged himself.The CFAA was enacted 25 years ago, and does not reflect today's realities, according to the politicians. "Numerous and recent instances of heavy-handed prosecutions for non-malicious computer crimes have raised serious questions as to how the law treats violations of terms of service, employer agreement or website notices," an official statement from Wyden et al read.

The senator also said: "Violating a smartphone app’s terms of service or sharing academic articles should not be punished more harshly than a government agency hacking into Senate files" - a reference to the controversial CIA hacking of the Senate Intelligence Committee's computers last year. He went on: "The CFAA is so inconsistently and capriciously applied it results in misguided, heavy-handed prosecution. Aaron’s Law would curb this abuse while still preserving the tools needed to prosecute malicious attacks."In her statement on the reintroduction, Lofgren said: "The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act is long overdue for reform. At its very core, CFAA is an anti-hacking law. Unfortunately, over time we have seen prosecutors broadening the intent of the act, handing out inordinately severe criminal penalties for less-than-serious violations. It's time we reformed this law to better focus on truly malicious hackers and bad actors, and away from common computer and Internet activities."As well as Swartz's example, some security researchers have complained that they have been threatened with the CFAA after testing networks for vulnerabilities.

Pull terms of service, employment agreements and contracts out of the CFAA, and use language from relevant court opinions to draw a distinction between hacking and unauthorized access. Hacking such as phishing, introducing malware, and DDoS attacks, would still be within the CFAA. As to the bill's success, that remains uncertain. As well as Lofgren, Wyden and Paul, it has a number of co-sponsors including Jim Sensenbrenner (R-Wis.), Mike Doyle (D-Pa.), Dan Lipinski (D-Ill.) and Jared Polis (D-Colo.). In that sense, it is a bipartisan bill, which should make its passage easier.But during the last time around, Lofgren expressed frustration when chairman of the House Judiciary Committee Bob Goodlatte said he supported CFAA reform but refused to discuss or vote on the bill. Goodlatte is still chairman of the committee. Going Green: Tactics (Part 2) Data centres are big, noisy places that seem to have an emphasis on generating heat and making lots of bright lights flash. The first time you visit one, you'd be forgiven for thinking that the service provider's emphasis was on anything but the green credentials.And of course you'd occasionally be quite right: there are DCs out there that don't focus at all on the environmental side of service provision. Conversely, though, there are plenty that do – as they realise that there are savings to be made through the application of some care and common sense.

You may think that the power requirement of your installation is small beer in the big picture. However, when you consider the size of the global data centre market, millions of negligible installations add up to a significant whole.Consider something I spotted in Google's blurb when I was researching this feature: “Google uses very little of the world's electricity (less than 0.01 per cent).“I think I'm justified in thinking that 0.01 per cent of the world's electricity is still an absolute shedload – so even if a provider can lop 10 or 20 per cent off its power consumption, it's both saving the planet and conserving a barrowload of raw cash. And if thousands of providers can do the same, it's a massive deal.I'll come shortly to the more conventional approaches one sees to environmental considerations in data centres, but before that, let's look at some of the less conventional going around.

Back in the old days, when people didn't all have their own home boilers, it was common for local service providers to generate heat and pipe it around the local area as hot water or steam. In recent years this concept has come back into fashion. And guess what? Data centre providers have started to jump on the bandwagon of becoming heat providers for just this purpose – so they pipe off (and sell) their waste heat to provide warmth to the local area.As we all know, data centres have raw power coming in through the wall and into a bank of Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs). The smooth, reliable power is then delivered to the hosting rooms via copper cables, and then to the individual servers in the cabinets via power distribution units; diesel generators sit at the side to kick in when the power goes off to ensure that the kit stays alive once the UPS has run down.There's another radical idea, though, that completely capsizes the approach of providing UPS service in the data centre: in short, don't. Look in a server power supply unit and something you'll find a lot of is air. So why not throw away the socking big UPSs in the back room of the data centre and instead put small UPS capabilities in the server PSUs themselves?

Sounds barking, but it's becoming a reality; in fact there's a flavour of this called Local Energy Storage, or LES, that's advocated by a small US outfit called Microsoft.By eliminating the need for rooms full of UPSs you can either build a smaller data centre (and hence spend less money and use fewer materials than you otherwise would have done) or build data centres the same size but have fewer of them. Oh, and into the bargain you save a bit of electrical efficiency because there's always some loss between the ingress and egress points of the UPS itself.Photoshop Elements 13, Adobe’s consumer option, is a standalone Mac and Windows product costing £64.81. It’s very good, but more for preset effects and homework projects than serious image manipulation.The same shortcomings apply to many rival apps. In fact, when you look for true editing capabilities rather than just basic adjustments and filters, there are fewer contenders than you might think. Among the Photoshop features typically missing or inadequate elsewhere are:• Selection tools – cut out parts of images seamlessly. The devil’s in the detail here: beyond the basic Lasso and Magic Wand, you need smart edge selection aids that actually work, plus facilities to refine further• Paths – vector drawing is part of the retoucher’s toolkit, and images with crisp ‘clipping paths’, rather than soft anti-aliased edges, are still a staple of print publishing

• Layers and masks – build up a finished picture from independently editable overlays. Crucially, ‘adjustment layers’ add corrections that can be edited later• Distortion – autocorrect photos shot with lens distortion or off-centre, or distort objects to combine them seamlessly with others• Sharpening – with controllable methods like Unsharp Mask, not just one slider• Tone curves – histogram displays with editable Levels and Curves, plus additional options such as colour balance editing• Highlights and shadows – restore detail by selectively adjusting contrast in the darkest and lightest areas, a relatively new technique that can rescue difficult exposures• Cloning, healing and content-based fill – essentially, repeat parts of a photo to cover unwanted elements. The basic ‘clone stamp’ tool is almost universal, but cleverer additions vary

When you want a crisp cutout, a vector mask is the answer, and these can be stored as ‘clipping paths’ in image files for import into desktop publishing apps – but Photoshop is almost unique in fully supporting this – click for a larger image Not all image editing apps are Photoshop wannabes. On the Mac, there’s a trend for lightweight web-oriented graphics programs refined down to the features your Shoreditch hipster requires. They’re refreshingly neat, but may leave too much out.On the PC, the likes of Corel and Serif offer closer rivals to Adobe at lower prices. And no money at all buys the venerable open-source GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), popular with Linux users and also available for Windows and Mac. Chromebook owners can take advantage of browser-based options such as Pixlr.The first question photographers will ask of an app is ‘Does it support raw?’ Raw image files capture the data direct from the camera’s sensor rather than pre-converting it to a format such as JPEG, leaving a lot more latitude to adjust exposure, colour balance and so on.


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